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Pipe Flow Modules

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.3 Process Piping Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate ASME B31.3 process piping fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas liquid piping, and three phase black oil piping (gas water and oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.3 : Process Piping (2018)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.4 Liquid Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate ASME B31.4 liquid pipeline fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas liquid piping, and three phase black oil piping (gas water and oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.4 : Pipeline Transportation Systems For Liquids And Slurries (2012)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.8 Gas Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate ASME ASME B31.8 gas pipeline fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas liquid piping, and three phase black oil piping (gas water and oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.8 : Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems (2018)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31G Flow Stress   ±

Calculate ASME B31G flow stress from SMYS and SMTS.

Flow stress can be calculated by three methods

  • Sf = 1.1 x SMYS (Plain Carbon Steel T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS)
  • Sf = SMYS + 69 MPA (SMYS ≤ 483 MPa, T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS)
  • Sf = (SYT + SUT) / 2 (SMYS ≤ 551 MPa)

SYT and SUT are the temperature derated yield stress and tensile stress for temperatures above 120 C. The derating factors are valid up to 232 C (450 F). Material specific test data should be used if it is available.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31G Manual For Determining The Remaining Strength Of Corroded Pipelines (2012)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.1 Power Piping Steam Mass And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate ASME B31.1 power piping steam mass, velocity and flow rate from the steam table (IAPWS R7-97 Steam Table).

Steam mass and volume can be calculated from steam temperature and pressure, and either steam mass, steam volume, or piping length. Steam flow rate and velocity can be calculated from steam temperature and pressure, and either steam mass flow rate, steam volume flow rate, or steam velocity.

Steam properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. The calculations for water and steam are valid between 273.15 K and 1073.15 K (0 to 100 MPa), and between 1073.15 K and 2273.15 K (0 to 50 MPa).

The saturated water and steam calculations are valid between 273.15 K and 647.096 K.

The metastable calculation is valid between 273.15 K and 647.096 K, and for pressure from the saturated vapour line to the 5% equilibium moisture line (user defined).

Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the regions 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar).

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.1 : Power Piping (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate ASME B31.5 refrigeration piping fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas and liquid.

The two phase gas liquid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.5 : Refrigeration Piping And Heat Transfer Components (2013)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flowrate   ±

Calculate pipeline fluid velocity, density and flowrate for two phase gas liquid, three phase gas oil and water (black oil), single phase gas, and single phase liquid.

Two phase gas liquid density is calculated from the gas oil ratio (GOR). Three phase black oil density is calculated from the gas oil ratio (GOR), and water cut (WC). Single phase gas density is calculated from temperature, pressure, specific gravity (relative to air), and compressibility factor. Single phase liquid density can be calcuated from specific gravity, degrees Baume (Be+), degrees Baume (Be-), degrees API, or degrees Twaddell.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL ST F101 Submarine Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flowrate   ±

Calculate DNVGL-ST-F101 subsea pipeline fluid velocity and flowrate for two phase gas and liquid, and three phase oil, water and gas (black oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : DNVGL-ST-F101 : Submarine Pipeline Systems (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : AGA NG18 Flow Stress   ±

Calculate AGA NG-18 flow stress from SMYS and SMTS.

Flow stress can be calculated by three methods

  • Sf = 1.1 x SMYS (Plain Carbon Steel T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS)
  • Sf = SMYS + 69 MPA (SMYS ≤ 483 MPa, T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS)
  • Sf = (SYT + SUT) / 2 (SMYS ≤ 551 MPa)

SYT and SUT are the temperature derated yield stress and tensile stress for temperatures above 120 C. The derating factors are valid up to 232 C (450 F). Material specific stress data should be used if it is available.

Reference : AGA Pipeline Research Committee NG-18 Report 204 Ductile Fracture Properties of Selected Linepipe Steels

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CALCULATOR MODULE : PRCI PR 3805 RSTRENG Flow Stress   ±

Calculate PR-3-805 RSTRENG flow stress from SMYS and SMTS.

Flow stress can be calculated by three methods

  • Sf = 1.1 x SMYS (Plain Carbon Steel T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS) original ASME B31G
  • Sf = SMYS + 69 MPA (SMYS ≤ 483 MPa, T < 120 C and Sf < SMTS) RSTRENG
  • Sf = (SYT + SUT) / 2 (SMYS ≤ 551 MPa) modified ASME B31G

SYT and SUT are the temperature derated yield stress and tensile stress for temperatures above 120 C. The derating factors are valid up to 232 C (450 F). Material specific stress data should be used if it is available.

Reference : PRCI, Pipeline Research Committee Project, PR-3-805, “A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe,” December 22, 1989, PRCI PR-3-805 (R-STRENG) With RSTRENG Disk.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 1111 Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate API RP 1111 limit state pipeline fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas liquid piping, and three phase black oil piping (gas water and oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : API RP 1111 : Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design) (2011)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : AS 2885.1 Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±

Calculate AS 2885.1 pipeline fluid velocity and flow rate for two phase gas liquid piping, and three phase black oil piping (gas water and oil).

The two phase fluid calculator can be used for single phase gas, single phase liquid, or two phase gas and liquid. The three phase black oil calculator can be used for single phase oil, single phase water, two phase oil and water, and three phase oil, water and gas. Water cut is the volume fraction of water in the liquid phase (ignoring the gas phase). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles to liquid volume (ignoring the water phase). Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions, eg SCM (Standard Conditions Meter) or SCF (Standard Conditions Feet).

Reference : Australian Standard AS 2885.1 : Pipelines - Gas And Liquid Petroleum Part 1 : Design And Construction (2015)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate pipe fitting minor loss factors.

Minor loss factors can be defined as:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units.

Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Parallel And Series Piping Fitting   ±

Calculate minor loss factors for parallel and series pipe fittings.

The effective K factor for fittings in series equals the sum of the K factors.

`Ke = ΣKi `

For fittings in parallel the inverse effective K factor equals the sum of the inverse K factors.

`1/(Ke) = Σ1/(Ki) `

The calculators can be used for parallel and series K factor, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Pressure Loss   ±

Calculate outlet pressure and pressure loss through piping and fittings.

The pressure loss is calculated from the Moody diagram using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. The Darcy friction factor can be calculated using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White turbulent flow equation, or the modified Colebrook White equation. Changes in elevation are ignored.

For liquid piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = P - 8 (fL/D+ΣK) ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `
`ΔP = P - Po `

where :

ΔP = pressure loss
P =inlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
ρ = fluid density
Q= fluid volume flowrate
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
Σ K = total fitting K factor

For gas piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = √(P^2 - 16m^2(fd.L / D + ΣK) (mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) `

where :

m = gas mole flowrate
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature

For liquid fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = P - 8 K ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `

where :

K = fitting K factor

For gas fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = √(P^2 - m^2K (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) `

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Fluid Property   ±

Calculate pipe fitting gas and liquid density and viscosity.

Calculate liquid density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

Calculate gas density, viscosity and compressibility factor for: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, iso-butane C4H10, n-butane C4H10, iso-pentane C5H12, n-pentane C5H12, n-hEAne C6H14, n-heptane C7H16, n-octane C8H18, n-nonane C9H20, n-decane C10H22, air N2 + O2, ammonia NH3, argon Ar, carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, chlorine Cl2, helium He, hydrogen H2, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen sulphide H2S, nitrogen N2, oxygen O2, and steam H2O. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equations of state (EOS).

Steam table properties can be calculated for water, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Reducer And Enlarger Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe reducer and enlarger minor loss factors.

The minor loss factors can be calculated for either the small diameter, and the large diameter. The nozzle can be either tapered with a transition, or abrupt with no transition. The taper angle is equal to half the cone angle.

Note : The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Wye And Tee Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe wye and tee minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The minor loss factors can be calculated for converging and diverging wyes and tees, and for the run and the branch. The run is assumed to be constant diameter. The branch diameter should be smaller than or equal to the run diameter. The flow ratio should be 0 ≤ Qb/Qc ≤ 1. The flow ratio can be either the mass flowrate ratio, the volume flowrate ratio (for liquids), or the mole flowrate ratio (for gases).

Note : In some cases the friction factor K can be negative due to the acceleration of slow moving fluid to the velocity of the combined flow. The discharge coefficient and flow coefficients are invalid for negative friction factor K.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Entry And Exit Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe entry and exit minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

Minor loss factors canbe calculated for pipe exits, inward protruding entries, sharp edged flush entries, and radiused flush entries.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Bend And Elbow Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe bend and elbow minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

Minor loss factors can be calculated for miter bends (single miter and multiple miter), formed bends, close return bends, and standard elbows.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Valve Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe valve minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The valves are assumed to be fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area).

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Check Valve Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe check valve minimum velocity and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The minimum flowrate is the flowrate required to keep the check valve fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area).

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Control Valve Sizing   ±

Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe control valve sizing and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The control valve sizing is calculated in two steps using the ISA-75.01.01 iteration method for Kv flow coefficient. The other flow factors (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met, Cv*, K, and Cd) are calculated from Kv.

Step 1 : Calculate the required valve flow coefficient (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv) assuming that the valve ID is equal to the pipe ID. Use the required flow coefficient to select a suitable valve.

Step 2 : Select a suitable valve size, type and flow coefficient based on manufacturers data. If a full bore valve is too large, a smaller valve should be selected, with assumed concentric reducers. Calculate the required flow coefficient for the selected valve. The required flow coefficient should be less than or equal to the valve flow coefficient. A trial and error process may be required to determine the appropriate valve. It is recommended that the valve diameter is not less than half the pipe diameter. The calculation is not valid if the valve diameter is greater than the pipe diameter. The calculation might not converge if the valve size is too small.

For viscous fluids or very low flow velocity flow, with low Reynolds number (Rev < 10,000) use the Reynolds number factor option. For most flow cases the Reynolds number can be ignored (Fr = 1).

Check for choked conditions. If the outlet pressure for step 1 or step 2 is greater than the minimum (choked) outlet pressure, set the outlet pressure equal to the choked outlet pressure. The maximum (choked) flowrate, maximum (choked) delta pressure and minimum (choked) outlet pressure are calculated from the fluid vapour pressure, and the fluid critical point pressure. Specially designed valves are required to operate at choked conditions.

The K factors should include fittings located with 2D upstream and 6D downstream. The fluid velocity is calculated from the valve ID. The piping is assumed to be constant diameter upstream and downstream of the valve. The liquid pressure recovery factor Fl, and the valve design factor Fd depend on the valve type and geometry. Typical values are included in the data tables. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. Convergence problems can indicate that the selected valve size is too small.

The dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* equals Cv-us / IDin^2, where IDin is the valve inside diameter in inches. For control valves, a maximum Cv* value of 30 is recommended, equivalent to a minimum K factor of 1.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

Reference : ISA-75.01.01 Industrial Process Control Valves Part 2-1 Flow Capacity Sizing Equations For Fluid Flow Under Installed Conditions

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Piping Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate gas pipe fitting minor loss factors.

Minor loss factors can be defined as:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units.

Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Piping Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate liquid pipe fitting minor loss factors.

Minor loss factors can be defined as:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units.

Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Hydraulic Grade Line   ±

Calculate gas and liquid pipeline hydraulic pressure or hydraulic grade line (HGL) from data points using the Bernoulli equation.

The hydraulic or piezometric pressure is calculated by

`Ph = Ps + Pz `

where :

Ps = static pressure
Pz = potential or pressure
Ph = hydraulic or piezometric pressure (HGL)

For constant diameter pipelines, the friction pressure loss can be calculated from the difference in hydraulic pressure (changes in dynamic pressure are ignored). For gas pipelines, the changes in dynamic pressure are usually small compared to the other terms.

Note : The pressure terms are calculated at the selected data point. The data point option is set to pipe inlet when the page loads. Click calculate to update the data point options to include all of the data points before you select the data point. Click calculate each time you change the position data (X) values, and before you select the data point. Data points can be entered as comma separated values (Xi, Zi, Pi) with each set on a new line, or copy and paste from a spreadsheet.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Energy Grade Line   ±

Calculate gas pipeline Bernoulli pressure or energy grade line (EGL) from data points using the Bernoulli equation.

The Bernoulli or total pressure (EGL) is calculated by

`Pb = Ps + Pd + Pz `
`Ph = Ps + Pz `

where :

Pb = Bernoulli pressure or total pressure (EGL)
Ps = static pressure
Pz = potential pressure
Pd = dynamic pressure
Ph = hydraulic or piezometric pressure (HGL)

For constant diameter pipelines, the friction pressure loss can be calculated from the difference in Bernoulli pressure. For gas pipelines, the changes in dynamic pressure are usually small compared to the other terms so that the hydraulic pressure (HGL) can also be used to calculate pressure loss.

Note : The pressure terms are calculated at the selected data point. The data point option is set to pipe inlet when the page loads. Click calculate to update the data point options to include all of the data points before you select the data point. Click calculate each time you change the position data (X) values, and before you select the data point. Data points can be entered as comma separated values (Xi, Zi, Pi) with each set on a new line, or copy and paste from a spreadsheet.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Stationary Pressure From Elevation   ±

Calculate static pressure from elevation for gases and liquids using the Bernoulli equation.

For stationary fluid, the hydraulic or piezometric pressure is constant. The static pressure at any point can be calculated from a known pressure and relative elevation. For liquids, the fluid density is assumed to be constant. For gases, the fluid density varies with pressure.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Dimensionless Relative Roughness Number   ±

Calculate the dimensionless relative roughness or roughness number for pipes and rectangular ducts.

`rr = (ir) / (ID) `

where :

rr = relative roughness or roughness number
ir = surface roughness
ID = pipe inside diameter

For rectangular ducts the hydraulic diameter is used

`ID = 2 w h / (w + h) `

where :

ID = hydraulic diameter
w = duct width
h = duct height

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Dimensionless Reynolds Number   ±

Calculate the dimensionless Reynolds number for pipes, rectangular ducts and general flow.

The Reynolds number approximates the ratio of kinetic energy over viscous drag loss.

`Re = ρ V L / μ = V L / ν `

where :

Re = Reynolds number
ρ = fluid density
V = fluid velocity
L = characteristic length
μ = dynamic viscosity
ν = kinematic viscosity = μ / ρ

At low reynolds numbers the flow is laminar. At high Reynolds numbers the flow is turbulent. The characteristic length is a defining length dimension. For pipelines the inside diameter is used as the characteristic length. For rectangular ducts the hydraulic diameter is used as the characteristic length.

`ID = 2 w h / (w + h) `

where :

ID = hydraulic diameter
w = duct width
h = duct height

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Darcy Weisbach Equation   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline pressure loss using the Darcy Weisbach equation.

`Po = P - (fd L / (ID) + K) 1/2 ρ V^2 + ρ g (zi - zo) `

where :

Po = outlet pressure
P = inlet pressure
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = piping length
ID = piping inside diameter
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
ρ = fluid density
V = fluid velocity
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation

The Darcy friction factor can be calculated for

  • Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation
  • original Colebrook White equation
  • modified Colebrook White equation
  • Prandtl Nikuradse smooth pipe equation
  • Blasius smooth pipe equation
  • Colebrook smooth pipe equation
  • Miller smooth pipe equation
  • Konakov smooth pipe equation
  • Von Karman rough pipe equation

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. The Fanning friction factor is used with the Fanning pressure loss equation. The transmission factors are commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Chemical Dose Rate   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline, liquid chemical dose volume fraction, mass fraction, volume ratio, mass ratio, and average fluid density.

`Xv = (Vd) / (Vf) `
`Mv = (Md) / (Mf) `
`Rv = 1 : (Xl) / (Xd) = 1 : (1/(Xv) - 1) `
`Rm = 1 : (Ml) / (Md) = 1 : (1/(Xm) - 1) `
`Vf = Vd + Vl `
`Mf = Md + Ml `
`ρf = Xv. ρd + (1-Xv) ρl `

where :

Xv = dose volume fraction
Mv = dose mass fraction
Rv = dose volume ratio (1 : liquid volume / dose volume rounded)
Rm = dose mass ratio (1 : liquid mass / dose mass rounded)
Vf = total fluid volume
Vd = dose volume
Vl = liquid volume (before dosing)
Mf = total fluid mass
Md = dose mass
Ml = liquid mass (before dosing)
ρf = average fluid density (dosed)
ρd = dose chemical density
ρl = liquid density (before dosing)

The average fluid density includes the dosing chemical (combined undosed liquid and dose chemical). The volume of mixing is assumed to be equal to the sum of the individual volumes. The dose amount can be calculated from either the liquid volume (before dosing), or the total fluid volume. he dose rate can be calculated from either the liquid flowrate (before dosing), or the total fluid flowrate.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines and ducts using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram.

`fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) `

where :

fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the AGA equation.

`Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 `

where :

Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor

The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Hazen Williams Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the Hazen Williams equation. For SI units

`Q = 0.85 c.A.rh^0.63 s^0.54 `
`rh = ID/4 `

where :

Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
ID = inside diameter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
c = Hazen Williams friction factor

The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water pipes. Pipe roughness is accounted for using the Hazen Williams friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of pipe cross section area over pipe circumference (r/2 = ID/4). Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Open Channel Or Culvert Flow Rate From The Manning Equation   ±

Calculate flowrate in circular or rectangular water channels using the Manning equation.

`Q = A (rh^2)/3 s^(1/2) / n `
`rh = A/P `

where :

Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
P = wetted perimeter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
n = Manning friction factor

The channel is assumed to be either open, or partly full and at ambient pressure. The head loss equals the change in elevation. Channel roughness is accounted for using the Manning friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of channel cross section area over the wetted perimeter. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Vent   ±

Calculate single phase liquid flow rate through a constant diameter vent.

The vent entry is assumed to be a pressure vessel or piping at stagnation pressure (valid when the pipe or vessel diameter is much greater than the vent diameter). Vent flowrate is calculated from the vent pressure loss factor.

`fld = fL/D + K `

where :

fld = pressure loss factor
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
K = sum of fitting friction factors

Minor losses should include the vent entry, vent exit, valves and bends etc. The discharge coefficient can be used to factor the flow rate, depending on the design requirements.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Density Viscosity And Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Mass And Volume   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline fluid mass and volume from fluid density and pipe length.

Pipe volume can be specified by volume, mass, or pipe length. Fluid density can be defined by density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Local Pressure   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Unit Weight   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline unit mass (mass per length), and unit weight (weight per length).

Pipe unit mass (mass per length) and pipe unit weight (weight per length) can be calculated for multi layer pipelines (dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipelines). The pipe diameter can be defined by either the outside diameter or the inside diameter. For multi layer pipelines, the first internal layer is the line pipe. The line pipe diameter and thickness are calculated from the pipe schedule. Change the number of layers on the setup page.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of pipe mass and weight versus wall thickness for the selected diameter.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Darcy Weisbach Equation   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline pressure loss using the Darcy Weisbach equation.

`Po = √(P^2 - m^2(fd.L / D + K) ls (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) / (es) `
`ss = (z2 - z2) SG.mma.g / (Ro T Z) `
`es = e^(ss) `
`ls = (es^2 - 1) / (ss) `

where :

Po = outlet pressure
P = inlet pressure
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = piping length
D = piping inside diameter
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
m = gas mole flowrategas
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation
ss = elevation exponent
es = elevation pressure factor
ls = elevation length factor

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation with the Darcy friction factor. The Fanning transmission factor combined with the Fanning equation is commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used.

The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Chemical Dose Rate   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline, liquid chemical dose volume fraction, mass fraction, dose volume over gas mole ratio, dose mass over gas mole ratio, and average fluid density.

`Xv = (Vd) / (Vf) `
`Mv = (Md) / (Mf) `
`Rv = (Vg.Xv) / (1 - Xv) `
`Rm = Rv.ρd `
`Vf = Vd + Vg `
`Mf = Md + Mg `
`ρf = Xv.ρd + (1-Xv) ρg `
`Vg = (m Z Ro T) / P `

where :

Xv = dose volume fraction
Mv = dose mass fraction
Rv = dose volume ratio (dose volume:liquid volume)
Rm = dose mass ratio (dose mass:liquid mass)
Vf = total fluid volume
Vd = dose volume
Vg = gas volume (before dosing)
Mf = total fluid mass
Md = dose mass
Mg = gas mass (before dosing)
Vg = gas volume
m = gas moles
P = gas pressure
T = gas temperature
ρf = average fluid density (dosed)
ρd = dose chemical density
ρg= gas density (before dosing)

The average fluid density includes the dosing chemical (combined undosed liquid and dose chemical). The dose chemical is assumed to remain in the liquid phase. The dose quantity can be calculated from either the gas quantity (before dosing), or the total fluid quantity (after dosing). The dose rate can be calculated from either the gas flowrate (before dosing), or the total fluid flowrate:

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram.

`fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) `

where :

fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach version of the Moody diagram. The Fanning transmission factor combined with the Fanning equation is commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used.

`ff = (fd) / 4 `
`tf = 1 / (√ff)= 2 / (√fd) `

where :

fd = Darcy friction factor
ff = Fanning friction factor
tf = Fanning transmission factor

The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the AGA equation.

`Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 `

where :

Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor

The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Weymouth And Panhandle Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using either the Weymouth equation, the Panhandle A equation, the Panhandle B equation, or the general equation (user defined Darcy friction factor).

`Q = 77.57 ((Tb) / (Pb)) ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls Z. fd))^0.5 D^2.5 `General ` `
`Q = 433.5 ((Tb) / (Pb)) E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls. Z))^0.5 D^2.667 `Weymouth` `
`Q = 437.87 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.0788 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.8539. T .L. ls. Z))^0.5394 D^2.6182 `Panhandle A` `
`Q = 738.73 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.02 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.961. T. L. ls. Z))^0.51 D^2.53 `Panhandle B` `
`ss = (z2 - z2) SG. mma. g / (Ro T Z) `
`es = exp(ss) `
`ls = (es^2 - 1) / (ss) `

where :

Q = mole flowrate (SCFD)
Po = outlet pressure (psia)
P = inlet pressure (psia)
Tb = base temperature (60 F)
Pb = base pressure (1 atm)
fd = Darcy friction factor
E = efficiency factor
L = piping length (mi)
D = piping inside diameter (in)
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation
ss = elevation exponent
es = elevation pressure factor
ls = elevation length factor

Pipe roughness can be accounted for using the efficiency factor. Minor losses such as bends, valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. The calculations are not suitable for laminar flow.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Line Pack   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Low Pressure Air Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for low pressure air circular and rectangular ducts using the Moody diagram.

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Minor losses can be entered as either a K friction factor, a length, or length over diameter ratio. The minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. :sg:For air the gas specific gravity SG = 1.0. For low pressure air the compressibility factor is assumed equal to one.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Density And Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Mass And Volume   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline fluid mass and volume.

Fluid mass and volume can be calculated from fluid volume, fluid mass, or pipeline length. Gas density is calculated from temperature and pressure. The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Local Pressure   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Mass And Weight   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline unit mass (mass per length), and unit weight (weight per length).

Pipe unit mass (mass per length) and pipe unit weight (weight per length) can be calculated for multi layer pipelines (dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipelines). The pipe diameter can be defined by either the outside diameter or the inside diameter. For multi layer pipelines, the first internal layer is the line pipe. The line pipe diameter and thickness are calculated from the pipe schedule. Change the number of layers on the setup page.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of pipe mass and weight versus wall thickness for the selected diameter.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Platform Piping   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Maximum Erosional Velocity   ±

Calculate API RP 14E maximum allowable erosional velocity for platform piping systems.

The fluid density can be calculated for single phase gas, single phase liquid, two phase gas liquid, or three phase black oil (gas oil and water). The erosional velocity is calculated from the fluid density and the C Factor. Equation 2.14 in API RP 14E uses FPS units. The API RP 14E calculators have been factored to use SI units.

For fluids with no entrained solids a maximum C value of 100 for continuous service, or 125 for intermittent service can be used. For fluids treated with corrosion inhibitor, or for corrosion resistant materials a maximum C value of 150 to 200 may be used for continuous service, and upto 250 for intermittent service. For fluids with solids, the C value should be significantly reduced.

Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over oil volume. Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions (eg SCF or SCM). Water cut is the volume ratio of water in liquid (oil and water).

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Fluid Velocity   ±

Calculate API RP 14E fluid velocity and flowrate for single phase gas, single phase liquid, two phase gas liquid, and three phase gas, oil and water (black oil).

Flow rate can be calculated for mass flow rate, volume flow rate, mole flow rate and velocity. Gas density is calculated from temperature and pressure, and either specific gravity or molar mass. Liquid density can be calculated from specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. Black oil is a three phase mixture of oil, water and gas. Water cut is measured relative to the total liquid volume (gas volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is measured relative to the oil volume at standard conditions (water volume is ignored).

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Fluid Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Piping Wall Thickness   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E General Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation   ±

Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the general equation.

The pressure loss is calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach form of the Moody diagram. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow option should be used. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and cannot be reliably calculated. For turbulent flow (Re > 4000), either the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation can be used. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Weymouth Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation   ±

Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the Weymouth equation.

The Weymouth equation was developed for fully developed turbulent flow in long pipelines. It is not suitable for low Reynolds number, or short piping sections. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Compare the results for the Weymouth equation, the general equation (Moody diagram), and the Panhandle A and B equations.

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Panhandle Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation   ±

Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the Panhandle equation.

The Panhandle equations were developed for fully developed turbulent flow in long pipelines. They are not suitable for low Reynolds number, or short piping sections. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Compare the results for the Weymouth equation, the general equation (Moody diagram), and the Panhandle A and B equations.

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Liquid Piping Pressure Loss Equation   ±

Calculate API RP 14E liquid piping pressure loss from the Moody diagram.

The pressure loss is calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach form of the Moody diagram. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow option should be used. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and cannot be reliably calculated. For turbulent flow (Re > 4000), either the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation can be used. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Piping Mass And Weight   ±

Calculate API RP 14E platform piping unit mass (mass per length), unit weight (weight per length), and total mass from length.

The mass per joint can be calculated from the joint length. Construction quantities can be calculated from the total pipe length.

Pipe mass and pipe unit weight (weight per length) can be calculated for multi layer pipelines (dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipelines). For multi layer pipelines, the first internal layer is the line pipe. Change the number of layers on the setup page. The line pipe layer diameter and thickness are calculated from the pipe schedule.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of pipe mass and weight versus wall thickness for the selected diameter.

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Pipeline Flow Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Blowdown Time   ±

Calculate compressible flow pipeline or vessel blow down time through a constant diameter vent for adiabatic and isothermal flow using either the integration method, or the simplified method.

The integration method uses numerical integration to calculate the elapsed time between the initial pressure, and the final blow down pressure. At high pressure the vent exit flow is critical (Mc = 1 for adiabatic flow and 1/√γ for isothermal flow). At lower pressures the vent exit flow is sub critical (M < Mc). The vent entry is subsonic at all conditions. Increase the number of steps to improve the accuracy. Use the minimum number of steps required (the method is reasonably accurate with 16 steps). Using a large number of steps may slow down the calculation, especially on older computers. The accuracy of the integration method decreases at pressure less than 1.1 x ambient pressure (ie 110 kPa or 16.2 psi for atmospheric pressure discharge). The blow down time tends to infinity as the final pressure approaches ambient pressure.

The simplified method calculates the blow down time from the initial pipeline gas moles, and the initial vent mole flow rate. The flow is assumed to be always critical, and the pipeline pressure is assumed to decrease exponentially. The simplified method is reasonably accurate for final pressure ≥ 2 x ambient pressure. At low pressures flow is sub critical and the simplified method underestimates the elapsed time relative to the integration method (both methods are less accurate at very low pressure). The simplified method is not recommended for final pressure less than 1.2 x ambient pressure. The blow down time tends to infinity as the final pressure approaches absolute zero.

Minor losses should include the vent entry valves and bends etc. The vent exit should not be included as the fluid dynamic pressure is included in the calculation. Minor losses can be accounted for by using the minor loss factor K, or the discharge coefficient Cd. The discharge coefficient is used to factor the mole flow rate. The gas in the pipeline is assumed to be stationary (stagnation conditions), ie the pipeline diameter >> the vent diameter. Phase changes are ignored. The Darcy friction factor is calculated from pipe roughness assuming fully turbulent flow.

Note : The final blow down pressure should be above ambient pressure (final blow down pressure ≤ ambient pressure causes a divide by zero error).

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Pressure Relief Vent   ±

Calculate compressible flow pressure relief vent flow rate and pressure drop for either adiabatic or isothermal flow.

The vent is modelled as a frictionless entry, combined with a frictional constant diameter duct. For adiabatic flow the vent entry is assumed to be isentropic. For isothermal flow, the vent entry is assumed to be isothermal. The vent entry is assumed to be subsonic at all conditions. The pipeline is assumed to be at stagnation conditions (M = 0). At high pressure the vent exit flow is critical flow (Mc = 1 for adiabatic low and `Mc = 1 / (√γ)` for isothermal flow : γ = the gas specific heat ratio). At lower pressures the vent exit flow is sub critical (M < Mc).

Vent flow rate is calculated from the vent pressure loss factor (fld).

`fld = fd L/D + K `

where :

fld = vent pressure loss factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = vent length
D = vent inside diameter
K = minor loss K factor

The Darcy friction factor is calculated assuming fully turbulent flow. Minor losses should include the vent entry, and valves, bends etc.. The vent exit should not be included (the fluid dynamic pressure is included in the calculation). The discharge coefficient can be used as a safety factor.

Note : The vent calculation is not suitable for pressure relief headers which are part of a pressure relief valve (PRV) system.

Use the Result Plot option to plot inlet and exit pressure versus stagnation pressure, inlet and exit mach number versus stagnation pressure, or mass flow rate versus stagnation pressure and flow type.

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Pressure Loss Factor   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Bend Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Tee Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Reducer Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Flexible Pipeline Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Fluid Velocity   ±

Calculate DNVGL RP O501 pipeline fluid velocity for single phase gas, single phase liquid, two phase gas liquid, or three phase black oil (gas, oil and water).

Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over oil volume. Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions (eg SCF or SCM). Water cut is measured relative to the total liquid volume (gas volume is ignored).

Liquid density can be calculated from degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

Gas density can be calculated from gas specific gravity, or gas molar mass. Gas molar mass is approximately equal to the molar mass of dry air times the gas specific gravity at standard conditions (for most gases the compressibility factor Z is approximately equal to 1 at standard conditions). The molar mass of dry air is taken as 28.964 kg/kg-mole. For gas mixtures, gas specific gravity is easier to measure than the molar mass.

Reference : DNVGL-RP-O501 Managing Sand Production And Erosion : formerly DNV-RP-O501 (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline And Sand Property   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Pre Commissioning   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Test Pressure   ±

Calculate DNVGL RP-F115 pipeline test pressure from design pressure and elevation.

The system test pressure is calculated from the local incidental pressure. The required system test pressure and mill test pressure should be calculated for all points on the pipeline or pipeline section. Use the Result Plot option to plot the test pressure and hoop stress from minimum to maximum elevation.

Reference : DNVGL-RP-F115 Pre-commissioning of Submarine Pipelines (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Pressure Response   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Leak Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Chemical Dose Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Temperature Correction   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Tidal Correction   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Local Pressure   ±

Calculate DNVGL RP-F115 pipeline local stationary internal and external pressure from elevation.

The external pressure is calculated from the water depth. The internal fluid density is assumed constant. Elevation is measured relative to any arbitrary datum (+ve above the datum -ve below the datum). Use the Result Plot option to plot pressure versus elevation.

Reference : DNVGL-RP-F115 Pre-commissioning of Submarine Pipelines (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Test Fluid Volume   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Pressure Relief Device   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Gas Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 gas pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size.

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is assumed to be sonic (M = 1), adiabatic, and isentropic. If the back pressure is greater than the critical (sonic) pressure the flow is subsonic (M < 1).

Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.975. The actual nozzle diameter and the rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Steam Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 steam pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size.

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is analysed using the Napier equation. For temperatures above 1200 F (922 K), the gas PRV calculation should be used. If the back pressure is greater than the critical (sonic) pressure the flow is sub sonic (M < 1).

Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.975. The actual nozzle diameter and rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Liquid Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 liquid pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size (certified and non certifed devices).

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is analysed using the Bernoulli equation. Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.65 for certified PRV's and Kd = 0.62 for non certified PRV's. The actual nozzle diameter and rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The PRV calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Correction Factor   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Critical Flow Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Pressure Relief Vent   ±

Calculate API 520 flow rate through a constant diameter pressure relief vent.

The vent entry is assumed to be a pressure vessel or piping at stagnation pressure (valid when the pipe or vessel diameter is much greater than the vent diameter). The calculated vent exit pressure is flowing pressure (stagnation pressure minus dynamic pressure).

Vent pressure losses are calculated from the vent pressure loss factor (fld = fL/D + K). Minor losses should include the vent entry, valves and bends etc. The vent exit should not be included. The discharge coefficient can be used to factor the flow rate, depending on the design requirements.

For rupture disks, the flow resistance factor of the rupture Kr should be included in the minor losses (the resistance factor should be factored for the vent diameter). A discharge coefficient of 0.9 or less should be used for rupture disks. Alternatively, the PRV calculators can be used for rupture disk calculations.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Back Pressure   ±

Calculate API 520 back pressure from mass flow rate through a constant diameter vent.

The calculated vent entry and exit pressures are flowing pressure (stagnation pressure minus dynamic pressure). Minor losses should include bends and valves etc. The vent entry and exit should not be included in the minor losses. The discharge coefficient can be used to factor the mass flow rate, depending on design requirements.

Where multiple pressure relieving devices share a common vent, the back pressure should be calculated for the total mass flow rate.

For relief vents with sections of increasing diameter, the back pressure should be calculated for each constant diameter section, going backwards from exit. The (flowing) exit pressure for each section equals the (flowing) inlet pressure for the previous section.

For pressure relief valves or rupture disks, the (flowing) inlet pressure for the vent is used as the (flowing) back pressure for the pressure relief device. This is valid provided that the vent diameter is greater than the diamter of the PRV nozzle or rupture disk.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Hammer Transient Pressure   ±

Calculate water hammer transient pressure and pressure wave velocity.

Water hammer is caused by a sudden reduction of flow rate in liquid pipelines. Water hammer commonly occurs in water pipes, but it can occur in any liquid piping system. The transient pressure is reduced if gas is present in the liquid, or if the effective shut off time is greater than the maximum shut off time. The maximum shut off time is the time taken for the pressure transient to travel to the pipe inlet, and back again.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Transient Pressure Wave Velocity   ±

Calculate water hammer transient pressure wave velocity.

A sudden reduction of velocity in a liquid pipeline initiates a pressure wave which travels to the pipe inlet, and then back. The wave velocity increases with pipe stiffness. Any gas present in the liquid reduces the pressure wave velocity. The maximum shut off time is the time taken for the pressure transient to travel to the pipe inlet, and back again.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Hammer Pipe Diameter Schedule   ±

Calculate transient flow pipe inside diameter and internal cross section area from pipe diameter and wall thickness.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of the inside diameter and cross section area versus either outside diameter or wall thickness.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Pump And Piping System Curve   ±

Calculate pump and piping combined system curve (pressure versus flowrate) for viscous and non viscous flow.

For a combined pump and piping system, the flowrate reaches an equilibrium so that the pump delta pressure equals the piping delta pressure. If the pump shutin delta pressure is less than or equal to the piping shutin delta pressure, the flowrate is zero.

The piping delta pressure is calculated from the change in elevation, and piping friction losses calculated from the Moody diagram. The inlet conditions can be calculated for either the liquid depth at the inlet in a tank or reservoir, or the stagnation pressure at the inlet. The outlet conditins can be calculated for either an exit to atmosphere, the liquid depth at the outlet in a tank or reservoir, or the stagnation pressure at the outlet.

Viscous flow is recommended if the kinematic viscosity is greater than 20 cSt. Pump performance is normally measured using water (density is assumed to be 1000 kg/m^3).

PLEASE NOTE : The pump calculators are currently being updated. Apologies for any inconvenience.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for two phase gas liquids (gas and oil or gas and liquid).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. It is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for three phase black oil (gas oil and water).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction.

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Density   ±

Calculate fluid density for two phase fluid (oil and gas, or gas and water).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Density   ±

Calculate fluid density for three phase black oil (oil, water and gas).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate two phase gas liquid heat capacity.

Fluid heat capacity can be calculated for single phase phase liqui. single phase gas, or combined liquid and gas. Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate three phase gas oil water (black oil) heat capacity.

Black oil is a three phase mixture of oil, water and gas. Water cut is measured relative to the total liquid volume (gas volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is measured relative to the oil volume at standard conditions (water volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Volume And Mass Flow Rate   ±

Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam table properties, and steam power from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

Steam table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. The enthalpy rate and internal energy rate (or power) are calculated from the mass flow rate.

Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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DATA MODULE : Pipe Fitting And Valve ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
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